| |
同等学力申硕英语应试指导:写作篇分类: 同等学力,复习指导
根据《在职人员以研究生毕业同等学力申请硕士学位外国语课程水平统一考试大纲》的规定,要求考生具备一定的写作能力,在30分钟内按要求写出一篇100~120词的短文,形式可以是按所给的提纲写短文,或描述图表,写内容提要、概述等。本题15分。
一、评分标准 写作评分标准主要围绕四个方面评判:1.内容要切题;2.能正确表达思想;3.意义连贯;4.无重大语法错误。批改作文时,主要从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,和语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍有密切的关系。下面就评分标准的四个方面分别加以说明。
(一)内容切题 在目前常见的作文题目中,内容切题一般包括两个方面。一是写作内容要围绕题目规定的话题展开。比如"A Five day Week"(五天工作制),文章的内容应围绕五天工作制进行论述,与其无关的内容,当以跑题论处,但此种现象并不多见。
(二)能正确地表达思想 一篇好短文能使读者一目了然。文章的思路应清楚,逻辑性强,能准确表达作者的思想。请对比下面两段: Have you a bike?Taking a bike is a good way,most people think.But in university it seems not as good as other places.Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then.Having a bike isn’t always good enough for us to buy one.
上段作者的思路紊乱不清,字里行间不仅有许多语病,而且也没能把思想表达清楚。读后仍不知作者在表达什么思想、观点,因而这样的段落只能得0分。请看下段: It is very convenient to use bikes in China.Bikes don’need fuel,nor a garage or a large parking lot.Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low.So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today.
上段的作者以其简单的词汇、简洁的语言、清楚的思路正确地表达了思想,使读者观后能即刻领会作者的思想。要能正确地表达思想,考生还应掌握一些写作技巧,如写好段落主题句,展开段落的方法,写好段尾句等。此外还应掌握一定的词汇量和习惯表达法。
(三)意义连贯 文章的层次要分明,条理要清楚,上下文之间、词与词、句与句之间要上下连贯,前后呼应,才能使文章结构严谨,思路清晰、有条理。
(四)无重大语法错误 重大语法错误一般指时态不一致、主语谓语单复数形式不一致、用词不当等,这些问题的存在说明考生在平时的英语学习中很少练习写作,有人甚至从没写过作文,因而出现各种各样语法错误是可以理解的。考生应在考前多进行这方面的训练,一些语法错误在实践中是可以纠正过来的。
二、写作技巧 一篇好的短文应该观点明确,思路清晰,论述有力、准确,语言正确,文字简洁、流畅、连贯,结构严谨。短文是由段落组成,因此写好段落是写好短文的关键。段落的组成分为三部分,主题句(Topic Sentence),推展句(Development Sentences)和结论句(Concluding Sentence)。下面分别就这三方面进行详解。
(一)主题句 1.主题句的作用 主题句是全段的核心句,读者通过主题句能了解段落的中心思想。一个好的主题句还能限制话题所谈论的范围,表明段落展开的方向及方法。在英语文章中,围绕主题句展开的段落很多。
2.主题句的位置 主题句的位置可以在段首,也可以在段落中间,还可以在在段尾,或者主题句的位置可在段首段尾同时出现。主题句出现在段落首或尾完全由写作需要而定。一般地说来,写这样100多词的小短文把主题句放在段首更有利于考生扣准中心思想展开论述。
3.怎样写好主题句 主题句在段落中有着举足轻重的作用。因此写好主题句是写好段落的关键。在构思主题句时要注意以下三个方面: (1)主题句首先应是一个完整的句子,任何词组或修饰成分都不能作主题句。如:More burdens,就不是一个完整的句子。Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text,则是一个比较好的主题句。
(2)主题句不应太笼统概括。如:William Shakespeare is great这句话很笼统,对段落如何展开没有指导和限定作用,因而不能作主题句。如改为:William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays,则下文就能围绕莎氏的历史剧展开论述了。
(3)主题句不能太具体。如:The dictionary is small,句子如果太琐碎具体就失去进一步展开的意义了。
(4)各段的主题句应相互照应.在以No Smoking为题的作文中,各段的主题句分别是: Smoking is harmful. Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around them. Therefore,smoking is a bad habit. 第二段的主题句用not only,but also连接词语沟通了上下两段的内容。第三段的Therefore又起了承上启下的作用,使全篇融为一体。
(二)段落的展开 展开段落的方法有很多种,在这里我们仅介绍几种常用方法。
1.依据归纳法或演绎法进行论述 依据归纳法展开段落是指在段落中先引用具体事实或因由进行阐述或论说,进而得出结论。演绎法则是由一般推出特殊情况的结论。
2.依据重要性展开段落 依据思想或事实或理由的重要性的先后次序进行论述,可以从次要至重要,也可以从重要至次重要。下面段落是以次重要至重要的方法进行论述的。作者首先指出(医生)对病人撒谎不仅对医生本人不好,也会伤害同事,进而会有损于整个医疗事业。 Lies also do harm to those who tell them:harm to their integrity and,in the long run,to their credibility.Lies hurt their colleagues as well.The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defen sive medicine",and thus it injures,in turn,the entire medical profession.
3.依据比较和对比法进行论述 一般地说,比较是指对事物的相同方面进行比较;对比是指对比事物的差异或不同方面。下面两段就采用了对比方法。这两段将口头英语与书面英语的不同方面作了比较,两段的观点都一一对应,比如:Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal就是一对观点的对比。另外,两段之间用unlike oral Englsh承接,既让段落过渡自然,又使对比强烈。
First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor one’s language is and how strange and foreign one’s pronunciation is,it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.
Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively formal.It requires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what writers are getting at.In addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any changes.To avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly-constructed paragraphs.As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English.
4.依据时间的先后进行论述 依据时间的先后次序展开段落,就是完全按照事物实际发展的时间先后进行论述。如:下面两段就是以时间为序介绍鹿的生长过程。随着夏季一天天过去,又随着秋去冬来,鹿的新陈代谢也随着季节的推移而变化。
As the summer progresses and the fawns grow,they become less dependent on their mother’s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources.The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat.Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall insgroupsto deposit body fat for the winter.In the case of does and fawns,a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing,and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males.Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow. As fall turnssintoswinter,other changes take place.Fawns lose their spotted coat.Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker.The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold.
5.依据空间顺序展开段落 依据空间的次序进行论述应是有序地由远至近或由近至远,由上至下或由下至上对事物进行描写。下面的例子描写了一幅美丽宁静的夜景。作者先描写空中的月亮,再随洒向大地的月光写到湖四周随风摇曳的树枝,又由青蛙的叫声把读者引到了湖的中央,最后结尾讲:这是一个多么迷人的夜晚。这个段落文字简洁流畅,有序地按空间顺序由上写到下,由外写到里。读者可在平时的练习中注意模仿。
来源:清华在线 最后更新:2006-10-12
上一条 下一条
欢迎访问本站其它栏目: 求学需求 培训问答 培训学校 参考资料 培训教材 教师联盟 招聘求职 出租房屋 分类信息 | | 培训教学参考信息
同等学力申硕英语应试指导:汉译英
同等学力考试中如何处理阅读中长句
同等学力英语词汇复习指导:词根篇
同等学力英语词汇复习指导:前缀篇
同等学力英语词汇复习指导:后缀篇
|